Accurate prediction of cancer can play a crucial role in its treatment. The procedure of cancer detection is incumbent upon the doctor, which at times can be subjected to human error and therefore leading to erroneous decisions. Using machine learning techniques for the same can prove to be beneficial. Many classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are proven to produce good classification accuracies. The following study models data sets for breast, liver, ovarian and prostate cancer using the aforementioned algorithms and compares them. The study covers data from condition of organs, which is called standard data and from gene expression data as well. This research has shown that SVM classifier can obtain better performance for classification in comparison to the ANN classifier.

As one of the countries situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines suffers from an inexhaustible number of natural disasters every year. One of the most destructible ones is the occurrence of earthquakes. Because of the high damage that earthquakes incur, along with their inevitability and unpredictability, developing effective methods of earthquake damage mitigation as well as disaster preparedness is imperative to lessen the negative impacts it is capable of producing in communities. One efficient way of doing this is by implementing an earthquake early warning (EEW) system that is capable of sending message alerts to receivers to warn them in the event of a hazardous earthquake. With this objective, this study centers on creating an earthquake detector with SMS messaging to function as an EEW system with an added advantage of being low-cost to make it more accessible to the public. Using electronic components based on an Arduino Mega 2560 and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module, the earthquake detector and its alert message system were created. A series of tests in different locations across Butuan City was then performed to assess the device’s accuracy in measuring different Intensity levels when subjected to surface vibrations. Comparative analysis showed that its recorded values. Corresponded with the values obtained from accelerometer-based mobile applications. In conclusion, the study was deemed functional in its ability to detect low and high surface vibrations, which proves that it is successful in detecting earthquake tremors and vibrations in the event of an earthquake.

Leakage of gas is a major issue in the industrial sector, residential buildings, and gas-powered vehicles, one of the preventive methods to stop accidents associated with gas leakage is to install gas leakage detection devices. The focus of this work is to propose a device that can detect gas leakage and alert the owners to avert problems due to gas leakages. The system is based on a microcontroller that employs a gas sensor as well as a GSM module, an LCD display, and a buzzer. The system was designed for gas leakage monitoring and alerts with SMS via an Arduino microcontroller with a buzzer and an MQ2 gas sensor. The circuit contains a Microcontroller MQ2 gas sensor, buzzer, LCD display, and GSM module, when the sensor detects gas leakage it transmit the information to the Microcontroller while the microcontroller makes a decision and then forwarded a warning message to the user as SMS to a mobile phone for decision to be taken accordingly. The output of this research will be significant in averting problems associated with gas leakages now and in future. 

A cyber physical system (CPS) is a complex system that integrates computation, communication, and physical processes. Digital manufacturing is a method of using computers and related technologies to control an entire production process. Industry 4.0 can make manufacturing more efficient, flexible, and sustainable through communication and intelligence; therefore, it can increase the competitiveness. Key technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, 3D printing, and Big Data have great impacts on Industry 4.0. Big Data analytics is very important for cyber-physical systems (CPSs), digital manufacturing, and Industry 4.0. This paper introduces technology progresses in CPS, digital manufacturing, and Industry 4.0. Some challenges and future research topics in these areas are also presented.

Air pollution is responsible for an estimated 5.5 million deaths in 2013 which costed the global economy approximately US$225 billion in lost labor income. To address the problems caused by air pollution, this study aims to develop a low-cost and portable air quality monitoring system that detects the levels of CO, PM2.5, PM10, temperature, and humidity. Using Internet of Things (IoT), the data that the system gathers can be accessed through the internet. Moreover, the system assesses the obtained data through a comparative analysis with the AQI. The Iterative Design Loop method was used in the development of the air quality monitoring system. Furthermore, the sensors were programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Using the Welch’s t-test, it was found that the obtained data of the system is not significantly different to that of the standard air quality monitoring systems. To achieve more accurate data from the developed system, the raw data of the developed and standard system were calibrated through an equation from the trendline. Through the use of Acer CloudProfessor, the study successfully developed an air quality monitoring system that can be accessed through the internet.

The evolving information technology abridges the hardship in the daily life of consumers all over the world, hence the application of this knowledge in the irrigation field is necessary nowadays. The exponential growth of demand in food is due to the ever-evolving population of the world, thus it becomes necessary to expand the present area of cultivation. Considering the present situation of weather change due to global warming as a result of industrial activities, farming via irrigation is the reliable process of food production. Water remains the only source for survival for crop production, thus optimal management and proper use of water become pertinent with the ever-increasing land for irrigation. Arduino based automatic plant irrigation control system; provides a simple approach to automated irrigation. This work makes use of the GSM module for the notification of the user about the situation in the farm, this project aims to design and implement an automatic plant irrigation control system using Arduino and GSM module. In this proposed system, there are two main parts hardware and software units. Mechanical units which are the hardware unit comprises of instrumentation systems and watering irrigation systems. The equipment system is based on microcontroller, flow meter, moisture sensor, LCD, and GSM module. The software part comprises of C++ code, this is to enable the linkage between various modules. The main control of this system is the microcontroller unit that serves as the brain for coordinating control for various modules of the system, it synchronizes and operates the watering system and notifies the user about the condition of the field and watering section via GSM module. Implementation of this project will significantly help in a water-saving of about 30 – 50% as compared to the conventional watering system like the sprinkler, improve growth and discourage weeds because water will only be served to the needed area, simple method and timer-based system for automatic watering can be incorporated for efficiency.

This project is focused on developing a Fully Automatic Hydroponics system which helps in monitoring and controlling temperature, Humidity, pH and EC in Hydroponics. Hydroponics is a method of growing crops without soil. Plants are grown in rows or on trellises, just like in a traditional garden, but they have their roots in water rather than in dirt. Although, there are different ways in which hydroponics can be implemented, there is no individual system which can measure and control pH and EC level of nutrient solution along with its surrounding temperature and humidity automatically. We use PIC16F877A microcontroller and four pumps, three of which are used to pump water, nutrient solution, pH solution and the fourth pump is used to control the humidity. A fan is used to control the temperature which increases its speed as the temperature increases. The pumps are turned on depending on the EC and pH values obtained from the electrodes. A passive LCD display is used to display variations in the values. Different Analysis like water usage, plant growth in comparison with regular farming method and hydroponics is successfully completed which results in hydroponics system is significant method in comparison with soiled cultivation method in terms of yield and water usage. This project is expected to produce high yield crops by taking minimal space, makes work easier for farmers in growing of plants, and also consumes less amount of water when compared to traditional method resulting in conservation of water.

Quality of electricity with continuity is the reliability of the power system which is inversely proportional with the duration of power supply interruption. It depends on some expected or unexpected faults/failures on the systems, speed of protecting systems, preventive maintenance, and motivation of technical staffs. The detailed study of the distribution system is more crucial as its reliability is the concern of utility’s fame, service, customers’ satisfactions and reflects to the overall revenue. The relevant articles from the various sources has been collected and analyzed different reliability indices with their significance. Also, to realize the methodology related with reliability analysis, a comparative study among its different components has been carried out and the best techniques for maintaining system reliability are suggested.

Smart Vehicle Accident Prevention System is an innovative solution aimed at enhancing road safety and reducing the occurrence of accidents. Leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, this system combines real-time data acquisition, analysis, and intelligent decision-making algorithms to provide an effective accident prevention mechanism. The Vehicle Accident Prevention System is a com-prehensive project that aims to enhance road safety by utilizing Arduino microcontrollers and various sensors, including an alcohol sensor, temperature sensor, IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor. This report provides a detailed overview of the system’s design, implementation, and functionality.

The main objective of this proposed work is to develop an Embedded System for plant monitoring and watering system using Internet of Things, Raspberry Pi as Processor, and sensors for sensing environmental conditions. In this work, IoT concept is introduced to connect devices through Internet and facilitate information access by the users. The system can obtain accurate perception of Environmental information in agriculture field and then transmit the same to users. The system monitors different parameters like Temperature, Humidity, Soil Moisture and Intensity of light. IR sensor is fixed to check any external object entry into the field, in case of intruder detection buzzer will turn on for few seconds. The Motor fixed in the field operates both manually and automatically depending upon Moisture sensor results in soil. Motor automatically switches between on and off stage of pumping action. Results are observed either in web app and monitor.

Accurate prediction of cancer can play a crucial role in its treatment. The procedure of cancer detection is incumbent upon the doctor, which at times can be subjected to human error and therefore leading to erroneous decisions. Using machine learning techniques for the same can prove to be beneficial. Many classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are proven to produce good classification accuracies. The following study models data sets for breast, liver, ovarian and prostate cancer using the aforementioned algorithms and compares them. The study covers data from condition of organs, which is called standard data and from gene expression data as well. This research has shown that SVM classifier can obtain better performance for classification in comparison to the ANN classifier.

Quality of electricity with continuity is the reliability of the power system which is inversely proportional with the duration of power supply interruption. It depends on some expected or unexpected faults/failures on the systems, speed of protecting systems, preventive maintenance, and motivation of technical staffs. The detailed study of the distribution system is more crucial as its reliability is the concern of utility’s fame, service, customers’ satisfactions and reflects to the overall revenue. The relevant articles from the various sources has been collected and analyzed different reliability indices with their significance. Also, to realize the methodology related with reliability analysis, a comparative study among its different components has been carried out and the best techniques for maintaining system reliability are suggested.

As one of the countries situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines suffers from an inexhaustible number of natural disasters every year. One of the most destructible ones is the occurrence of earthquakes. Because of the high damage that earthquakes incur, along with their inevitability and unpredictability, developing effective methods of earthquake damage mitigation as well as disaster preparedness is imperative to lessen the negative impacts it is capable of producing in communities. One efficient way of doing this is by implementing an earthquake early warning (EEW) system that is capable of sending message alerts to receivers to warn them in the event of a hazardous earthquake. With this objective, this study centers on creating an earthquake detector with SMS messaging to function as an EEW system with an added advantage of being low-cost to make it more accessible to the public. Using electronic components based on an Arduino Mega 2560 and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module, the earthquake detector and its alert message system were created. A series of tests in different locations across Butuan City was then performed to assess the device’s accuracy in measuring different Intensity levels when subjected to surface vibrations. Comparative analysis showed that its recorded values. Corresponded with the values obtained from accelerometer-based mobile applications. In conclusion, the study was deemed functional in its ability to detect low and high surface vibrations, which proves that it is successful in detecting earthquake tremors and vibrations in the event of an earthquake.

Leakage of gas is a major issue in the industrial sector, residential buildings, and gas-powered vehicles, one of the preventive methods to stop accidents associated with gas leakage is to install gas leakage detection devices. The focus of this work is to propose a device that can detect gas leakage and alert the owners to avert problems due to gas leakages. The system is based on a microcontroller that employs a gas sensor as well as a GSM module, an LCD display, and a buzzer. The system was designed for gas leakage monitoring and alerts with SMS via an Arduino microcontroller with a buzzer and an MQ2 gas sensor. The circuit contains a Microcontroller MQ2 gas sensor, buzzer, LCD display, and GSM module, when the sensor detects gas leakage it transmit the information to the Microcontroller while the microcontroller makes a decision and then forwarded a warning message to the user as SMS to a mobile phone for decision to be taken accordingly. The output of this research will be significant in averting problems associated with gas leakages now and in future. 

The final stage, which is the building paint or the adopted design, is where most real estate developers and constructors struggle. Where extensive painting is required, which takes a lot of time, effort, and accuracy from the firm doing the work. Additionally, it might be challenging to decide on the precise color grades for the design and calculate the right amount of paint to use for the job. Where these activities are extremely expensive, and the complex implementation is accompanied by worries and skepticism. These are the motivations behind the development of painting machines that blend colors. Artificial intelligence is used in the machine's design to make it efficient and quick at what it does. High accuracy is needed when selecting the proper colors, and this machine is distinguished by its ability to select the proper color tone. The color sensor (TCS34725 RGB) determines the relevance and accuracy of the desired color by comparison with the system database with the assistance of the light sensor (STM32), which measures the degree of illumination of the chosen place. By combining basic colors, this technique saves the customer the hassle of looking at specialized stores for the level of color they require. By giving the system the codes assigned to each color, it may also blend colors. The system also has the feature of controlling the machine remotely via smart phone application by enabling bluetooth and wifi features.

Air pollution is responsible for an estimated 5.5 million deaths in 2013 which costed the global economy approximately US$225 billion in lost labor income. To address the problems caused by air pollution, this study aims to develop a low-cost and portable air quality monitoring system that detects the levels of CO, PM2.5, PM10, temperature, and humidity. Using Internet of Things (IoT), the data that the system gathers can be accessed through the internet. Moreover, the system assesses the obtained data through a comparative analysis with the AQI. The Iterative Design Loop method was used in the development of the air quality monitoring system. Furthermore, the sensors were programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Using the Welch’s t-test, it was found that the obtained data of the system is not significantly different to that of the standard air quality monitoring systems. To achieve more accurate data from the developed system, the raw data of the developed and standard system were calibrated through an equation from the trendline. Through the use of Acer CloudProfessor, the study successfully developed an air quality monitoring system that can be accessed through the internet.

The evolving information technology abridges the hardship in the daily life of consumers all over the world, hence the application of this knowledge in the irrigation field is necessary nowadays. The exponential growth of demand in food is due to the ever-evolving population of the world, thus it becomes necessary to expand the present area of cultivation. Considering the present situation of weather change due to global warming as a result of industrial activities, farming via irrigation is the reliable process of food production. Water remains the only source for survival for crop production, thus optimal management and proper use of water become pertinent with the ever-increasing land for irrigation. Arduino based automatic plant irrigation control system; provides a simple approach to automated irrigation. This work makes use of the GSM module for the notification of the user about the situation in the farm, this project aims to design and implement an automatic plant irrigation control system using Arduino and GSM module. In this proposed system, there are two main parts hardware and software units. Mechanical units which are the hardware unit comprises of instrumentation systems and watering irrigation systems. The equipment system is based on microcontroller, flow meter, moisture sensor, LCD, and GSM module. The software part comprises of C++ code, this is to enable the linkage between various modules. The main control of this system is the microcontroller unit that serves as the brain for coordinating control for various modules of the system, it synchronizes and operates the watering system and notifies the user about the condition of the field and watering section via GSM module. Implementation of this project will significantly help in a water-saving of about 30 – 50% as compared to the conventional watering system like the sprinkler, improve growth and discourage weeds because water will only be served to the needed area, simple method and timer-based system for automatic watering can be incorporated for efficiency.

This project is focused on developing a Fully Automatic Hydroponics system which helps in monitoring and controlling temperature, Humidity, pH and EC in Hydroponics. Hydroponics is a method of growing crops without soil. Plants are grown in rows or on trellises, just like in a traditional garden, but they have their roots in water rather than in dirt. Although, there are different ways in which hydroponics can be implemented, there is no individual system which can measure and control pH and EC level of nutrient solution along with its surrounding temperature and humidity automatically. We use PIC16F877A microcontroller and four pumps, three of which are used to pump water, nutrient solution, pH solution and the fourth pump is used to control the humidity. A fan is used to control the temperature which increases its speed as the temperature increases. The pumps are turned on depending on the EC and pH values obtained from the electrodes. A passive LCD display is used to display variations in the values. Different Analysis like water usage, plant growth in comparison with regular farming method and hydroponics is successfully completed which results in hydroponics system is significant method in comparison with soiled cultivation method in terms of yield and water usage. This project is expected to produce high yield crops by taking minimal space, makes work easier for farmers in growing of plants, and also consumes less amount of water when compared to traditional method resulting in conservation of water.

Controlling drum level is a major and crucial control objective in thermal power plant steam boilers. The drum level as a controlled variable is highly characterized by complex non-linear process dynamics as well as measurement noise and long-time delays. Developing a data-driven process model is particularly advantageous as it could be built from ongoing operational data. Such a model could be used to assist existing controllers by providing predictions regarding the drum level. The aim of this paper is to develop such a model and to propose a control architecture that can be easily integrated into existing control hardware. For that purpose, different neural networks are used, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX), and Long Short Term (LSTM) neural networks. LSTM and MLP were able to capture the dynamics of the process, but LSTM showed superior performance. The results demonstrate that the use of traditional machine learning criteria to evaluate a process model is not necessarily adequate. Using the model in an open-loop and a closed-loop simulation is more suitable to test its ability to capture the dynamics of the process. A novel architecture that integrates the process model within an existing closed-loop controller is proposed. The architecture uses adaptive weights to ensure that a good model is given more influence than a bad model on the controller’s output.

Heat exchangers are one of the most important thermal devices. Shell and tube heat exchangers are the common types of heat exchangers and sustained a wide range of operating temperature and pressure. Modeling and controlling heat exchanger system is a difficult assignment because of its nonlinearity. As the flow rates changes, the gain, time delay and time constant varies, hence causing system nonlinearity. The solution for such problems is finding acceptable mathematical model and design a controller which provides better performance indices. In this paper mathematical model (experimental or empirical based) to represent the real system and design suitable controller which remove the offset and settle fast with minimum steady state error has been proposed. To this end, system model design the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller for shell and tube heat exchanger using Ziegler Nichols method, Cohen-coon method and Chein et al. method. Since two opposing dynamic effects are existing in the system and has a problem of dynamics of inverse response and large overshoot. Therefore, Chein et al. tuning method have better performance than that of the others. In case of Chein et al. the overshoot of 2.577 % and settling time of 63.1 s.