Malek Ghazel

Work place: University of Tunis Elmanar, Faculte´ des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisia

E-mail: malek.ghazel@fst.utm.tn

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Research Interests:

Biography

Malek Ghazel is a mathematician whose research focuses on nonlinear discrete dynamical systems, with a particular emphasis on rational and higher-order difference equations. He has contributed to the analysis of stability, periodicity, and asymptotic behavior of such systems, and has collaborated with several researchers on analytical studies in this area. His academic affiliations include the University of Ha’il and Tunis El Manar University.

Author Articles
Ergodicity and the Emergence of Long-Term Balance in the Dynamical States of π

By Fethi Kadhi Moncef Ghazel Malek Ghazel

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijmsc.2026.01.04, Pub. Date: 8 Feb. 2026

This paper investigates the digits of π within a probabilistic framework based on Markov chains, proposing this model as a rigorous tool to support the conjecture of π’s  uniformity. Unlike simple frequency analyses, the Markov approach captures the dynamic structure of transitions between digits, allowing us to compute empirical stationary distributions that reveal how local irregularities evolve toward global equilibrium. This ergodic behavior provides quantitative, model based evidence that the digits of π tend toward fairness in the long run. Beyond its mathematical significance, this convergence toward uniformity invites a broader conceptual interpretation.

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