The advent of (Internet of Things) IoT technologies has essentially transformed traditional houses into intelligent, equipped, and networked smart houses that serve to improve the quality in the lives of human beings with respect to security, energy efficiency, and comfort through massive automation, sensing, and remote control. However, with such a shift of paradigm, due to the diversity of devices, the limitation of resources, problems of interoperability, and a growing array of cyberthreats, opens up numerous avenues for security and privacy threats. This review attempts a holistic coverage of IoT-based smart home technologies and then provides a systematic classification of the security vulnerabilities from device, network, cloud, and application layers. The key threats include unauthorized access, data leakage, propagation of malware, denial of service, and exploits targeted against AI, with an analysis of their causes and occurrences in the real world. The paper undertakes a critical assessment of contemporary countermeasures, ranging from lightweight cryptographic protocols, AI-driven intrusion detection systems, blockchain-based authentication, privacy-preserving edge computing, and zero-trust frameworks. A comparative insight into each approach conversed with the views of the established literature draws out trade-offs between security efficacy, scalability, computational overheads, and user adoption. Based on a synthesis of the modern findings, continued gaps are identified, and future directions provided: including quantum-resistant encryption, interoperable standards, and user-centric security design, acting as the working platform or actionable directions for any researchers, developers, or policymakers in building of secure, resilient, and privacy preserving smart home ecosystem.

The beginning of the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 has changed the concept of automation in industries by adopting the Internet of Things (IoT) in manufacturing, logistics, and production processes. The IoT is the digital foundation of Industry 4.0 that allows real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, data-based decision making, and autonomous processes with in-between devices and smart sensors. This review explores the uses of the IoT in industrial automation through analyzing the enabling technologies, communication protocols, integration with cloud computing, wireless sensor networks, edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), as well as presenting important applications, current challenges, and future trends in smart industrial systems. Instead of considering the technologies separately, this paper takes the system-level viewpoint by integrating the way IoT architecture, communication protocol, intelligent analytics, and security controls collectively facilitate Industry 4.0 automation.

Income inequality is a persistent issue in both developed and developing economies, influenced by complex socio-economic factors such as education, occupation, and gender. This study addresses a critical gap by applying advanced machine learning techniques to analyze the socio-economic determinants of income in Bangladesh and global contexts. The primary objectives were to identify the most influential factors affecting income and assess the effectiveness of various machine learning models in predicting income levels. Using datasets from Bangladesh and global sources, this study employed Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machines to predict income and assess feature importance. Key findings showed that education, occupation, gender and hours worked per week were the most significant predictors of income. The Bangladeshi dataset highlighted limited access to higher education and pronounced gender disparities, while the global dataset reflected gender pay gaps and more equitable educational access. Random Forest Classifier appeared as the most effective model, achieving 100% accuracy in Bangladesh and 96% accuracy globally. These findings underscore the need for targeted policies to improve educational access, promote vocational training, and address gender inequality to reduce income disparities. Additionally, the study demonstrates the potential of machine learning to uncover non-linear relationships in socio-economic data, providing valuable insights for evidence-based policymaking. This research highlights the importance of integrating advanced data-driven methods to address the socio-economic drivers of income inequality and promote inclusive economic growth.