Fashion image analysis has a lot of trouble working with noisy data, especially when there aren't any good training examples to use. This happens because standard auto encoders can't keep class separability when the noise level changes. This paper introduces Structured Auto encoders (SAE), which combine convolutional encoder-decoder architectures with geometric constraints in the latent space. This strategy uses greedy layer-wise pre-training, and then it fine-tunes the model using two loss functions: structured latent space regularization and reconstruction error. The encoder has convolutional layers with 3×3 filters and ReLU functions that only turn on when they are needed. During testing, it was tested on Fashion-MNIST with noise levels ranging from 20% to 70%. It was also tested on MNIST, DeepFashion2, and 3D human pose datasets. The results of the experiment show that SAE can classify 85.4% of the time with only five samples labeled for each group. This is much better than the standard auto encoders (68.4%) and the baseline support vector machine (SVM) methods (84.32%). With the best setup, which has 1,000 hidden nodes and a learning rate of 0.1, images with up to 70% noise can be reconstructed well With 80% classification accuracy on clean test data, the latent space structured method allows for the solution of basic issues that are related to introducing geometric constraints between the classes so that the class boundaries remain intact even in a noisy environment.The proposed method achieves a classification accuracy of 85.4% ± 1.2%under standard evaluation settings, with robustness validated under noise levels of up to 70%. All results are obtained using standard training–testing splits and are averaged over multiple experimental runs to ensure reliability and reproducibility. The proposed semi-supervised performance is enhanced by increasing the number of discriminative features through the use of a highly structured representation of the data, as opposed to using an unstructured representation, which results in performance enhancement. The author presents an original framework capable of simultaneously providing robust image classification and denoising capability through geometric constraints established in the framework, which enhances the learning of discriminative features through the use of limited amounts of labeled data. The implementation of this framework in the real-world fashion industry would facilitate the processing of fashion images with respect to noise resistance and the ability to annotate images quickly.

Combining Near Field Communication (NFC) technology with Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 256-bit encryption into smart homes may offer new opportunities to improve the security and usability of today’s homes. The goal of this paper is to explore a new way to automate home functions using NFC to authenticate users and share information seamlessly, while also using SHA 256-bit for secure encryption of sensitive information. By using this combined technology, homeowners will be able to securely operate their smart home devices through NFC-enabled Smartphone’s or wearable devices rather than having to remember complicated passwords or use complicated authentication methods. Because all communications between each user’s device and the smart home hub will be securely encrypted with SHA 256, protected from unauthorized access or tampering, the transferred data will be both confidential and have its integrity preserved. Additionally, because of the flexibility of the described system, it will be possible to easily integrate existing smart homes into a single platform and support users in many different applications, such as home security, energy management, remote monitoring, etc. Performance testing and validation will continue throughout this process. Then we demonstrate the way technology presented in this paper has improved both security and user experience in a smart home environment. The research presented will advance the technology used in smart homes through the use of NFC with SHA-256-based hashing for integrity and authentication to create a stable and user friendly method for providing security, as well as efficiency, in home automation.

Hand-drawn circuit diagrams must be manually converted into hardware description languages (HDLs) for digital design workflows. This manual conversion is time-consuming and error-prone and there has been little focus on hardware validation along the entire end-to-end circuit design process (such as circuit recognition and code generation). In response to these challenges, we present Sketic-FPGA, an end-to-end machine learning-based automated framework for converting hand-drawn logic circuits into functionally verified implementations on FPGA devices. The Sketic-FPGA system operates in a six-stage pipeline consisting of: adaptive image preprocessing, gate detection using an improved Faster R-CNN with ResNet-50 backbone, topology extraction, synthesis-aware Verilog code generation, automated FPGA implementation using Xilinx Vivado toolchain, and hardware-level validation. The proposed model was trained with 800 annotated samples across eight classes of logic gates, utilizing rotation-aware detection and curriculum learning to improve robustness. When evaluated against a dataset of 200 previously-unseen, test circuits, Sketic-FPGA produced 99.2% detection accuracy and 98.8% classification accuracy. All designs generated with Sketic-FPGA were successfully synthesized and implemented onto actual FPGA hardware, achieving functional correctness across the entire test circuit dataset using LED testing, Integrated Logic Analyzer (ILA) waveform verification, and exhaustive truth-table validation. On average, processing each circuit took 29.4 seconds from start to finish which has reduced the time required for a designer to create a circuit manually. An examination of how long it took students to design a circuit revealed that they spent 67% less time across multiple design iterations. Although we have only demonstrated the effectiveness of our framework on combinational circuits and in a controlled environment, our results indicate that there are many opportunities for rapid prototyping and automated hardware design as well as support for digital educational methods.

In simple wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks, a connection must be established along a route using a common wavelength on all of the links along the route. The introduction of wavelength converters into WDM cross connects increases the hardware cost and complexity. Given a set of connection requests, the routing and wavelength assignment problem involves finding a route (routing) and assigning a wavelength to each request. This paper has presented the WDM technology is being extensively deployed on point to point links within transport networks in the EGYPT. However, WDM promises advantages for switching and routing as well as for transmission. Optical cross connects are currently being developed which can switch an entire wavelength from an input fiber to an output fiber so that large bandwidth circuits can be routed through the network according to wavelength. High speed, fixed bandwidth, end to end connections called lightpaths can then be established between different nodes. Our suggested Trans-Egypt Network (TEGYNET) which uses optical cross connects to route lightpaths through the network are referred to as wavelength routing networks. The average setup time, average link utilization, traffic load, blocking probability, and achievable link utilization in the presence of both single path and multi math routing are the major interesting parameters in the design of TEGYNET topology.

Optical technologies are ubiquitous in telecommunications networks and systems, providing multiple wavelength channels of transport at 2.5 Gbit/sec to 40 Gbit/sec data rates over single fiber optic cables. Market pressures continue to drive the number of wavelength channels per fiber and the data rate per channel. This trend will continue for many years to come as electronic commerce grows and enterprises demand higher and reliable bandwidth over long distances. Electronic commerce, in turn, is driving the growth curves for single processor and multiprocessor performance in data base transaction and Web based servers. Ironically, the insatiable taste for enterprise network bandwidth, which has driven up the volume and pushed down the price of optical components for telecommunications, is simultaneously stressing computer system bandwidth increasing the need for new interconnection schemes and providing for the first time commercial opportunities for optical components in computer systems. The evolution of integrated circuit technology is causing system designs to move towards communication based architectures. We have presented the current tends of high performance system capacity of optical interconnection data transmission link in high performance optical communication and computing systems over wide range of the affecting parameters.

Recently, many research works have been focused on the fiber optic devices for optical communication systems. One of the main interests is on the optical amplifiers to boost a weak signal in the communication systems. In order to overcome the limitations imposed by electrical regeneration, a means of optical amplification was sought. The competing technology emerged: the first was Raman amplification. One reason was that the optical pump powers required for Raman amplification were significantly higher than that for Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), and the pump laser technology could not reliably deliver the required powers. However, with the improvement of pump laser technology Raman amplification is now an important means of expanding span transmission reach and capacity. We have deeply studied an analytical model for optical distributed Raman amplifiers (DRAs) in the transmission signal power and pump power within Raman amplification technique in co-pumped, counter-pumped, and bi-directional pumping direction configurations through different types of fiber cable media. The validity of this model was confirmed by using experimental data and numerical simulations.

In the present paper, we have been analyzed the high temperature variations testing in order to be used to determine light emitting diode lifetime, even though laser diode failure mechanisms are more sensitive to increases in current density. As a measured parameter of degradation, the current density is of great significance when searching for failure modes in a laser diode. Raising the current density however, is not really indicative of lifetime since it is more likely a situation to be avoided than one that simulates normal lifetime degradation. The reliability of semiconductor sources is very dependent on the degradation modes. This paper has investigated some of the degradation modes and capabilities of typical LEDs currently used in many communication and sensing systems over wide range of the affecting parameters. LED’s are typically used in multimode transmission systems where data rates no larger than 50 Mbit/sec are required. They have larger spectral widths and can add to the problem of dispersion in communications systems. Laser diodes are used in systems that require coherent and often single mode light such as high data rate communications and sensing applications.

This paper has presented our interest in wireless underwater optical communications. Recent interest in ocean exploration has brought about a desire for developing wireless communication techniques in this challenging environment. Due to its high attenuation in water, a radio frequency (RF) carrier is not the optimum choice. Acoustic techniques have made tremendous progress in establishing wireless underwater links, but they are ultimately limited in bandwidth. In traditional communication systems, constructing a link budget is often relatively straight forward. In the case of underwater optical systems the variations in the optical properties of sea water lead to interesting problems when considering the feasibility and reliability of underwater optical links. The main focus of this paper is to construct an underwater link budget which includes the effects of scattering and absorption of realistic sea water. As well as we have developed the underwater optical wireless communication systems to have shorter ranges, that can provide higher bandwidth (up to several hundred Mbit/sec) communications by the assistant of exciting high brightness blue LED sources, and laser diodes suggest that high speed optical links can be viable for short range application.

The need for scalable systems in market demands in terms of lower computing costs and protection of customer investment in computing: scaling up the system to quickly meet business growth is obviously a better way of protecting investment: hardware, software, and human resources. A scalable system should be incrementally expanded, delivering linear incremental performance with a near linear cost increase, and with minimal system redesign (size scalability), additionally, it should be able to use successive, faster processors with minimal additional costs and redesign (generation scalability). On the architecture side, the key design element is the interconnection network. The interconnection network must be able to increase in size using few building blocks and with minimum redesign, deliver a bandwidth that grows linearly with the increase in system size, maintain a low or (constant) latency, incur linear cost increase, and readily support the use of new faster processors. The major problem is the ever-increasing speed of the processors themselves and the growing performance gap between processor technology and interconnect technology. Increased central processing unit (CPU) speeds and effectiveness of memory latency-tolerating techniques.

This paper has proposed new materials based conventional arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) devices such as pure silica glass (SiO2), Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) , and gallium aluminum arsenide (Ga(1-x)Al(x)As) materials for multiplexing and demultiplexing applications in interval of 1.45 μm to 1.65 μm wavelength band, which including the short, conventional, long, and ultra long wavelength band. Moreover we have taken into account a comparison between these new materials within operating design parameters of conventional AWG devices such as diffraction order, length difference of adjacent waveguides, focal path length, free spectral range or region, maximum number of input/output wavelength channels, and maximum number of arrayed waveguides. As well as we have employed these materials based AWG to include Multi band applications under the effect of ambient temperature variations.