With the reform of Chinese economic system, the development of enterprises is facing many risks and challenges. In order to understand the state of operation of enterprises, it is necessary to apply relevant methods to evaluate the enterprise performance. Taking Industrial and Commercial Bank of China as an example, this paper selects its financial data from 2018 to 2021. Firstly, DuPont analysis is applied to decompose the return on equity into the product of profit margin on sales, total assets turnover ratio and equity multiplier. Then analyzes the effect of the changes of these three factors on the return on equity respectively by using the Chain substitution method. The results show that the effect of profit margin on sales on return on equity decreases year by year and tends to be positive from negative. The effect of total assets turnover ratio on return on equity changes from positive to negative and then to positive, while the effect of equity multiplier is opposite. These results provide a direction for the adjustment of the return on equity of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Finally, according to the results, some suggestions are put forward for the development of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

In the software development industry, ensuring software quality holds immense significance due to its direct influence on user satisfaction, system reliability, and overall end-users. Traditionally, the development process involved identifying and rectifying defects after the implementation phase, which could be time-consuming and costly. Determining software development methodologies, with a specific emphasis on Test-Driven Development, aims to evaluate its effectiveness in improving software quality. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to comprehensively investigate the impact of Test-Driven Development on various facets of software quality. The survey findings unveil that Test-Driven Development offers substantial benefits in terms of early defect detection, leading to reduced costs and effort in rectifying issues during the development process. Moreover, Test-Driven Development encourages improved code design and maintainability, fostering the creation of modular and loosely coupled code structures. These results underscore the pivotal role of Test-Driven Development in elevating code quality and maintainability. Comparative analysis with traditional development methodologies highlights Test-Driven Development's effectiveness in enhancing software quality, as rated highly by respondents. Furthermore, it clarifies Test-Driven Development's positive impact on user satisfaction, overall product quality, and code maintainability. Challenges related to Test-Driven Development adoption are identified, such as the initial time investment in writing tests and difficulties adapting to changing requirements. Strategies to mitigate these challenges are proposed, contributing to the practical application of Test-Driven Development. Offers valuable insights into the efficacy of Test-Driven Development in enhancing software quality. It not only highlights the benefits of Test-Driven Development but also provides a framework for addressing challenges and optimizing its utilization. This knowledge is invaluable for software development teams, project managers, and quality assurance professionals, facilitating informed decisions regarding adopting and implementing Test-Driven Development as a quality assurance technique in software development.

Since the inception of Blockchain, the computer database has been evolving into innovative technologies. Recent technologies emerge, the use of Blockchain is also flourishing. All the technologies from Blockchain use a mutual algorithm to operate. The consensus algorithm is the process that assures mutual agreements and stores information in the decentralized database of the network. Blockchain’s biggest drawback is the exposure to scalability. However, using the correct consensus for the relevant work can ensure efficiency in data storage, transaction finality, and data integrity. In this paper, a comparison study has been made among the following consensus algorithms: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Proof of Vote (PoV). This study aims to provide readers with elementary knowledge about blockchain, more specifically its consensus protocols. It covers their origins, how they operate, and their strengths and weaknesses. We have made a significant study of these consensus protocols and uncovered some of their advantages and disadvantages in relation to characteristics details such as security, energy efficiency, scalability, and IoT (Internet of Things) compatibility. This information will assist future researchers to understand the characteristics of our selected consensus algorithms.

The process of making decisions on software architecture is the greatest significance for the achievement of a software system's success. Software architecture establishes the framework of the system, specifies its characteristics, and has significant and major effects across the whole life cycle of the system. The complicated characteristics of the software development context and the significance of the problem have caused the research community to build various methodologies focused on supporting software architects to improve their decision-making abilities. With these efforts, the implementation of such systematic methodologies looks to be somewhat constrained in practical application. Moreover, the decision-makers must overcome unexpected difficulties due to the varying software development processes that propose distinct approaches for architecture design. The understanding of these design approaches helps to develop the architectural design framework. In the area of software architecture, a significant change has occurred wherein the focus has shifted from primarily identifying the result of the architecting process, which was primarily expressed through the representation of components and connectors, to the documentation of architectural design decisions and the underlying reasoning behind them. This shift finally concludes in the creation of an architectural design framework. So, a correct decision- making approach is needed to design the software architecture. The present study analyzes the design decisions and proposes a new design decision model for the software architecture. This study introduces a new approach to the decision-making model, wherein software architecture design is viewed based on specific decisions.

Cloud computing is a widely acceptable computing environment, and its services are also widely available. But the consumption of energy is one of the major issues of cloud computing as a green computing. Because many electronic resources like processing devices, storage devices in both client and server site and network computing devices like switches, routers are the main elements of energy consumption in cloud and during computation power are also required to cool the IT load in cloud computing. So due to the high consumption, cloud resources define the high energy cost during the service activities of cloud computing and contribute more carbon emissions to the atmosphere. These two issues inspired the cloud companies to develop such renewable cloud sustainability regulations to control the energy cost and the rate of CO2 emission. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a green computing environment through saving the energy of cloud resources using the specific approach of identifying the requirement of computing resources during the computation of cloud services. Only required computing resources remain ON (working state), and the rest become OFF (sleep/hibernate state) to reduce the energy uses in the cloud data centers. This approach will be more efficient than other available approaches based on cloud service scheduling or migration and virtualization of services in the cloud network. It reduces the cloud data center's energy usages by applying a power management scheme (ON/OFF) on computing resources. The proposed approach helps to convert the cloud computing in green computing through identifying an appropriate number of cloud computing resources like processing nodes, servers, disks and switches/routers during any service computation on cloud to handle the energy-saving or environmental impact. 

Quantum computing is a computational framework based on the Quantum Mechanism, which has gotten a lot of attention in the past few decades. In comparison to traditional computers, it has achieved amazing performance on several specialized tasks. Quantum computing is the study of quantum computers that use quantum mechanics phenomena such as entanglement, superposition, annealing, and tunneling to solve problems that humans cannot solve in their lifetime. This article offers a brief outline of what is happening in the field of quantum computing, as well as the current state of the art. It also summarizes the features of quantum computing in terms of major elements such as qubit computation, quantum parallelism, and reverse computing. The study investigates the cause of a quantum computer's great computing capabilities by utilizing quantum entangled states. It also emphasizes that quantum computer research requires a combination of the most sophisticated sciences, such as computer technology, micro-physics, and advanced mathematics.

Fog computing is extending cloud computing by transferring computation on the edge of networks such as mobile collaborative devices or fixed nodes with built-in data storage, computing, and communication devices. Fog gives focal points of enhanced proficiency, better security, organize data transfer capacity sparing and versatility. With a specific end goal to give imperative subtle elements of Fog registering, we propose attributes of this region and separate from cloud computing research. Cloud computing is developing innovation which gives figuring assets to a specific assignment on pay per utilize. Cloud computing gives benefit three unique models and the cloud gives shoddy; midway oversaw assets for dependable registering for performing required errands. This paper gives correlation and attributes both Fog and cloud computing differs by outline, arrangement, administrations and devices for associations and clients. This comparison shows that Fog provides more flexible infrastructure and better service of data processing by consuming low network bandwidth instead of shifting whole data to the cloud.

To measure the difference of two fuzzy sets / intuitionistic sets, we can use the distance measure and dissimilarity measure between fuzzy sets. Characterization of distance/dissimilarity measure between fuzzy sets/intuitionistic fuzzy set is important as it has application in different areas: pattern recognition, image segmentation, and decision making. Picture fuzzy set (PFS) is a generalization of fuzzy set and intuitionistic set, so that it have many application. In this paper, we introduce concepts: difference between PFS-sets, distance measure and dissimilarity measure between picture fuzzy sets, and also provide the formulas for determining these values. We also present an application of dissimilarity measures in multi-attribute decision making.

Security in digital communication is becoming more important as the number of systems is connected to the internet day by day. It is necessary to protect secret message during transmission over insecure channels of the internet. Thus, data security becomes an important research issue. Steganography is a technique that embeds secret information into a carrier such as images, audio files, text files, and video files so that it cannot be observed.  In this paper, based on spatial domain, a new image steganography method is proposed to ensure the privacy of the digital data during transmission over the internet. In this method, least significant bit substitution is proposed where the information embedded in the random bit position of a random pixel location of the cover image using Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG). The proposed method used a 3-3-2 approach to hide a byte in a pixel of a 24 bit color image. The method uses Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) in two different stages of embedding process. The first one is used to select random pixels and the second PRNG is used select random bit position into the R, G and B values of a pixel to embed one byte of information. Due to this randomization, the security of the system is expected to increase and the method achieves a very high maximum hiding capacity which signifies the importance of the proposed method.

With the rapid proliferation of drones and drone networks across various application domains, ensuring their security against cyber threats has become imperative. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art techniques for detecting cyber threats in drone networks. The background provides a primer on drones, networks, drone network architectures, communication mechanisms, and enabling technologies like wireless protocols, satellite navigation, onboard computers, sensors, and flight control systems. The landscape of emerging technologies including blockchain, software-defined networking, machine learning, fog computing, ad-hoc networks, and swarm intelligence is reviewed in the context of transforming drone network capabilities while also introducing potential vulnerabilities. The paper delves into common cyber threats faced by drone networks such as hacking, DoS attacks, data breaches, and GPS spoofing. A detailed literature review of proposed threat detection techniques is provided, categorized into machine learning, multi-agent systems, blockchain, intrusion detection systems, software solutions, and miscellaneous methods. A key gap identified is handling increasingly sophisticated attacks, complex environments, and resource limitations in aerial platforms. The analysis highlights accuracy, overhead and real-time trade-offs between techniques, while factors like model optimization can influence efficacy. A comparative analysis highlights the advantages and limitations of each approach considering metrics like accuracy, scalability, flexibility, and overhead. Key observations include the trade-offs between computational complexity and real-time performance, the challenges in handling evolving attack techniques, and the dependencies between detection accuracy and factors like model selection and training data quality. The analysis provides a comprehensive reference for cyber threat detection in drone networks, benefiting researchers and practitioners aiming to advance this crucial area of drone security through robust detection systems tailored for resource-constrained aerial environments.

With the reform of Chinese economic system, the development of enterprises is facing many risks and challenges. In order to understand the state of operation of enterprises, it is necessary to apply relevant methods to evaluate the enterprise performance. Taking Industrial and Commercial Bank of China as an example, this paper selects its financial data from 2018 to 2021. Firstly, DuPont analysis is applied to decompose the return on equity into the product of profit margin on sales, total assets turnover ratio and equity multiplier. Then analyzes the effect of the changes of these three factors on the return on equity respectively by using the Chain substitution method. The results show that the effect of profit margin on sales on return on equity decreases year by year and tends to be positive from negative. The effect of total assets turnover ratio on return on equity changes from positive to negative and then to positive, while the effect of equity multiplier is opposite. These results provide a direction for the adjustment of the return on equity of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Finally, according to the results, some suggestions are put forward for the development of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

Many different methods are applied and used in an attempt to solve higher order nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs). Galerkin weighted residual method (GWRM) are widely used to solve BVPs. The main aim of this paper is to find the approximate solutions of fifth, seventh and ninth order nonlinear boundary value problems using GWRM. A trial function namely, Bezier Polynomials is assumed which is made to satisfy the given essential boundary conditions. Investigate the effectiveness of the current method; some numerical examples were considered. The results are depicted both graphically and numerically. The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the exact result and get a higher accuracy in the solutions. The present method is quit efficient and yields better results when compared with the existing methods. All problems are performed using the software MATLAB R2017a.

Quantum computing is a computational framework based on the Quantum Mechanism, which has gotten a lot of attention in the past few decades. In comparison to traditional computers, it has achieved amazing performance on several specialized tasks. Quantum computing is the study of quantum computers that use quantum mechanics phenomena such as entanglement, superposition, annealing, and tunneling to solve problems that humans cannot solve in their lifetime. This article offers a brief outline of what is happening in the field of quantum computing, as well as the current state of the art. It also summarizes the features of quantum computing in terms of major elements such as qubit computation, quantum parallelism, and reverse computing. The study investigates the cause of a quantum computer's great computing capabilities by utilizing quantum entangled states. It also emphasizes that quantum computer research requires a combination of the most sophisticated sciences, such as computer technology, micro-physics, and advanced mathematics.

Since the inception of Blockchain, the computer database has been evolving into innovative technologies. Recent technologies emerge, the use of Blockchain is also flourishing. All the technologies from Blockchain use a mutual algorithm to operate. The consensus algorithm is the process that assures mutual agreements and stores information in the decentralized database of the network. Blockchain’s biggest drawback is the exposure to scalability. However, using the correct consensus for the relevant work can ensure efficiency in data storage, transaction finality, and data integrity. In this paper, a comparison study has been made among the following consensus algorithms: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Proof of Vote (PoV). This study aims to provide readers with elementary knowledge about blockchain, more specifically its consensus protocols. It covers their origins, how they operate, and their strengths and weaknesses. We have made a significant study of these consensus protocols and uncovered some of their advantages and disadvantages in relation to characteristics details such as security, energy efficiency, scalability, and IoT (Internet of Things) compatibility. This information will assist future researchers to understand the characteristics of our selected consensus algorithms.

Numerical integration compromises a broad family of algorithm for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral. Since some of the integration cannot be solved analytically, numerical integration is the most popular way to obtain the solution. Many different methods are applied and used in an attempt to solve numerical integration for unequal data space. Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule are widely used to solve numerical integration problems. Our paper mainly concentrates on identifying the method which provides more accurate result. In order to accomplish the exactness we use some numerical examples and find their solutions. Then we compare them with the analytical result and calculate their corresponding error. The minimum error represents the best method. The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the exact result and get a higher accuracy in the solutions.

Security in digital communication is becoming more important as the number of systems is connected to the internet day by day. It is necessary to protect secret message during transmission over insecure channels of the internet. Thus, data security becomes an important research issue. Steganography is a technique that embeds secret information into a carrier such as images, audio files, text files, and video files so that it cannot be observed.  In this paper, based on spatial domain, a new image steganography method is proposed to ensure the privacy of the digital data during transmission over the internet. In this method, least significant bit substitution is proposed where the information embedded in the random bit position of a random pixel location of the cover image using Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG). The proposed method used a 3-3-2 approach to hide a byte in a pixel of a 24 bit color image. The method uses Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) in two different stages of embedding process. The first one is used to select random pixels and the second PRNG is used select random bit position into the R, G and B values of a pixel to embed one byte of information. Due to this randomization, the security of the system is expected to increase and the method achieves a very high maximum hiding capacity which signifies the importance of the proposed method.

As with any ANOVA, a repeated measure ANOVA tests the equality of means. However, a repeated measure ANOVA is used when all members of a random sample are measured under a number of different conditions. As the sample is exposed to each condition in turn, the measurement of the dependent variable is repeated. Using a standard ANOVA in this case is not appropriate because it fails to model the correlation between the repeated measures: the data violate the ANOVA assumption of independence. Some ANOVA designs combine repeated measures factors and independent group factors. These types of designs are called mixed-model ANOVA and they have a split plot structure since they involve a mixture of one between-groups factor and one within-subjects factor.

   The work present an application of the mixed model factorial ANOVA, using scores obtained by 120 secondary school students in mathematics. The between group factor is the different categories of students (science, commercial humanities) with three levels while the within group factor is the three years spent in senior secondary School.

Currently, every company is concerned about the retention of their staff. They are nevertheless unable to recognize the genuine reasons for their job resignations due to various circumstances. Each business has its approach to treating employees and ensuring their pleasure. As a result, many employees abruptly terminate their employment for no apparent reason. Machine learning (ML) approaches have grown in popularity among researchers in recent decades. It is capable of proposing answers to a wide range of issues. Then, using machine learning, you may generate predictions about staff attrition. In this research, distinct methods are compared to identify which workers are most likely to leave their organization. It uses two approaches to divide the dataset into train and test data: the 70 percent train, the 30 percent test split, and the K-Fold approaches. Cat Boost, LightGBM Boost, and XGBoost are three methods employed for accuracy comparison. These three approaches are accurately generated by using Gradient Boosting Algorithms.

There exist numerous numerical methods for solving the initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. The accuracy level and computational time are not the same for all of these methods. In this article, the Modified Euler method has been discussed for solving and finding the accurate solution of Ordinary Differential Equations using different step sizes. Approximate Results obtained by different step sizes are shown using the result analysis table. Some problems are solved by the proposed method then approximated results are shown graphically compare to the exact solution for a better understanding of the accuracy level of this method. Errors are estimated for each step and are represented graphically using Matlab Programming Language and MS Excel, which reveals that so much small step size gives better accuracy with less computational error. It is observed that this method is suitable for obtaining the accurate solution of ODEs when the taken step sizes are too much small.

Cloud computing is a widely acceptable computing environment, and its services are also widely available. But the consumption of energy is one of the major issues of cloud computing as a green computing. Because many electronic resources like processing devices, storage devices in both client and server site and network computing devices like switches, routers are the main elements of energy consumption in cloud and during computation power are also required to cool the IT load in cloud computing. So due to the high consumption, cloud resources define the high energy cost during the service activities of cloud computing and contribute more carbon emissions to the atmosphere. These two issues inspired the cloud companies to develop such renewable cloud sustainability regulations to control the energy cost and the rate of CO2 emission. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a green computing environment through saving the energy of cloud resources using the specific approach of identifying the requirement of computing resources during the computation of cloud services. Only required computing resources remain ON (working state), and the rest become OFF (sleep/hibernate state) to reduce the energy uses in the cloud data centers. This approach will be more efficient than other available approaches based on cloud service scheduling or migration and virtualization of services in the cloud network. It reduces the cloud data center's energy usages by applying a power management scheme (ON/OFF) on computing resources. The proposed approach helps to convert the cloud computing in green computing through identifying an appropriate number of cloud computing resources like processing nodes, servers, disks and switches/routers during any service computation on cloud to handle the energy-saving or environmental impact.