Banothu Yedukondala Venkata Naga Raja Swamy

Work place: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

E-mail: swamyyvnr@gmail.com

Website: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-6592

Research Interests:

Biography

Dr. B Y V N R Swamy Currently working as Associate professor in the department of ECE at Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering at Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. He obtained his B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India in 2007. He received his M.Tech degree from J N T U K, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2011 and Ph.D degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering in the field of MIMO Antennas from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India in 2020. He is a member of IEEE and a life member of IETE and ISTE. He got 3 times Best Teacher Award. He has published 10 SCIE papers, 12 Scopus indexed papers and 15 papers presented at international conferences. The papers are published in various reputed international journals. He is reviewer for various reputed journals. His areas of interest are microstrip patch antennas, MIMO antennas, 5G antennas (sub 6GHz & mm Wave), UWB Antennas and Deep learning.

Author Articles
A Lightweight Face Anti-Spoofing Framework with Spoof Artifact Enhancement and Adaptive Feature Fusion

By Mudunuru Suneel Banothu Yedukondala Venkata Naga Raja Swamy Madhava Rao Maganti Seva Sreedhar Babu P. Rama Koteswara Rao Vijaya Kumari Devarapalli Kama Ramudu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijem.2026.05.21, Pub. Date: 8 Oct. 2026

Face recognition is widely used for biometric authentication in applications such as mobile devices, financial services, intelligent surveillance, access control, and border security. However, face recognition systems remain vulnerable to presentation attacks, including printed photographs, replay attacks, and three-dimensional masks. Although recent deep learning-based face anti-spoofing (FAS) methods have achieved substantial improvements, many existing approaches still involve considerable computational cost, provide limited emphasis on fine-grained spoof artifacts, and face challenges in effectively integrating heterogeneous representations. To address these limitations, this paper proposes  
a Lightweight Face Anti-Spoofing Framework with Synthetic Multi-Modal Representation, Spoof Artifact Enhancement, and Adaptive Feature Fusion. The framework starts from a single RGB facial image and constructs complementary Depth and Near-Infrared (NIR) representations using a Depth and Near-Infrared Construction Module (DNCM), rather than requiring dedicated Depth or NIR sensors. A shared EfficientNetV2 backbone is then employed to extract features from the three representations with reduced computational redundancy. The proposed Spoof Artifact Enhancement Module (SAEM) emphasizes subtle spoof-specific visual cues, while Cross-Modal Consistency Learning (CMCL) reduces representation discrepancies across the constructed modalities. Subsequently, the Adaptive Feature Fusion Module (AFFM) dynamically weights the refined representations according to their discriminative contribution. Extensive experiments on CelebA-Spoof, CASIA-SURF, HQ-WMCA, and SiW-M demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The framework achieves accuracies of 98.16%, 97.54%, 99.08%, and 97.18%, with corresponding ACER values of 2.87%, 4.36%, 2.03%, and 4.18%, respectively. Across five independent runs, statistical analysis further indicates consistent performance with significant improvements over the selected baseline. In addition, the framework requires only 9.8 million parameters and 2.1 GFLOPs and achieves an inference speed of 82 FPS, demonstrating a favourable balance between detection effectiveness and computational efficiency. The results indicate that synthetic multi-modal representation combined with explicit spoof artifact enhancement and adaptive feature fusion can provide an efficient solution for robust and real-time face anti-spoofing.

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