ACO-based routing protocols like AntHocNet have emerged as a solution for adaptive routing in MANETS. Likewise, deep Q-learning based protocols are suitable for complex and dynamic environments like MANETs and utilizing real time data for better decision-making. However, there is lack of studies in enhancing ACO-based protocols using Q-learning in a new hybrid protocol, and comparing it with the established ACO-based protocol AntHocNet.
By combining ACO’s strengths (eg. Multi-agent pathfinding and historical data creatd by pheromones) and combine it with key components of Q-learning, then we have a promising protocol ready to be compared with AntHocNet. Previous studies have explored integrating ML with MANET routing, but few of them, if any, have explored enhancing ACO using ML techniques. Therefore, we propose two new protocols: ACO-QL and ACO-DQN.
One uses Q-learning and the latter uses deep Q-learning. After conducting many experiments by running implementations of ACO-DQN, ACO-QL, and AntHocNet on a MANET simulation, we found out that AntHocNet is superior to ACO-DQN in terms of execution time, end-to-end delay, and path cost in most cases, but on the other hand ACO-DQN achieved better packet delivery ratio and throughput results. Meanwhile, ACO-QL consistently achieved lower packet delivery ratios than AntHocNet, and mostly matching AntHocNet’s performance in terms and of other metrics, making it a valid lightweight and faster alternative.

The wide use of supply chain management systems in various business sectors encouraged researchers and those who were concerned to explore and employ efficient technologies to improve such systems. The integration of blockchain into supply chains has proved its effectiveness at increasing the customer’s trust level, as well as many other features, such as traceability, immutability, provenance awareness, etc. Moreover, the use of private permissioned blockchain networks, for instance Hyperledger Fabric (HLF), not only leverages the level of confidence, but also increases the speed of transaction execution. In this paper, an exploratory detailed study on Hyperledger Fabric framework is conducted. The study focused on the HLF network design, the consensus algorithms used in HLF, the HLF smart contracts and the transaction flow stages. Moreover, a number of illustrative case studies that used HLF into their networks designed for food supply chain management systems have been introduced. The basic design components in each of the applications are reviewed as well as the main goals and desired outcomes.