International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science (IJITCS)
IJITCS Vol. 18, No. 4, 8 Aug. 2026
Cover page and Table of Contents: PDF (size: 1845KB)
An Improved Trust-based and Energy Efficient Secure Routing Protocol for 5g-Wsn
PDF (1845KB), PP.68-84
Views: 0 Downloads: 0
Author(s)
Sachin B. M.
1,2,*
Mrinal Sarvagya
2
Index Terms
Wireless Network System, Malicious Node, Secure Routing Path, Bernoulli-Binomial Probability Distribution, Prediction
Abstract
The 5G-enabled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) use the increased capabilities of 5G technology to represent the next version of conventional WSN environments. WSN performance may be affected by interference from high-density 5 G networks. The novel Hummingbird-based Graph Bernoulli Binomial Trust Management Network (HBbGBBTMN) proposed in this research is to enhance smart, secure, and energy-saving routing in 5G-enabled wireless networks. Python is initially used to simulate and model the network under consideration, accounting for fluctuating network conditions and dynamic node dynamics. An improved Hummingbird algorithm is used to detect and remove nodes with high energy consumption, thereby minimizing routing inefficiencies and avoiding suspicious behavior. To protect data integrity and prevent route disruption, malicious nodes are continuously detected and removed. The trust of the remaining nodes is calculated using the Bernoulli-Binomial distribution, which estimates each node's trust based on its previous packet-forwarding history. Such trust mechanisms are combined with node energy levels as well as network dynamics to form a fitness function that identifies optimal routing patterns. The suggested system is validated through extensive performance analysis, including measurements of packet delivery ratio, throughput, packet drop rate, delay, and malicious node prediction accuracy. The findings indicate that in decentralized wireless environments, HBbGBBTMN significantly enhances network efficiency, security, and dependability.
Cite This Paper
Sachin B. M., Mrinal Sarvagya, "An Improved Trust-based and Energy Efficient Secure Routing Protocol for 5g-Wsn", International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science(IJITCS), Vol.18, No.4, pp.68-84, 2026. DOI:10.5815/ijitcs.2026.04.05
Reference
[1]M.J. Al-Dujaili, M. A. Al-dulaimi, “Fifth-generation telecommunications technologies: Features, architecture, challenges and solutions,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 447-469, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09962-x
[2]Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Guo, J.Y. Lee, “Measurement of a large-scale short-video service over mobile and wireless networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 3472-3488, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2021.3139893
[3]L. Mei, J. Gou, Y. Cai, H. Cao, Y. Liu, “Realtime mobile bandwidth and handoff predictions in 4G/5G networks”, Computer Networks, vol. 204, pp. 108736, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108736
[4]L. Bojic, “Metaverse through the prism of power and addiction: what will happen when the virtual world becomes more attractive than reality?,” European Journal of Futures Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-022-00208-4
[5]A. Bagwari, J. Logeshwaran, M. Raja, P. Devisivasankari, J. Bagwari, V. Rathi, A.M.E. Saad, “Intelligent computational model for energy efficiency and AI automation of network devices in 5G communication environment,” Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1728-1751, 2024. DOI: 10.26599/TST.2024.9010005
[6]I. Ullah, H. El Sayed, S. Malik, M.A. Khan, “Performance evaluation of quality of experience aware mobility management in heterogeneous cellular networks,” IEEE Access, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3426991
[7]K. Khujamatov, N. Akhmedov, E. Reypnazarov, D. Khasanov, A. Lazarev, “Device-to-device and millimeter waves communication for 5G healthcare informatics,” In Blockchain Applications for Healthcare Informatics, pp. 181-211. Academic Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90615-9.00019-0
[8]W. Jiang, B. Han, “Evolution to Fifth-Generation (5G) Mobile Cellular Communications,” In Cellular communication networks and standards: The evolution from 1G to 6G, pp. 149-168. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57820-5_9
[9]J.L. Frauendorf, É. Almeida de Souza, “The different architectures used in 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks,” In The architectural and technological revolution of 5G, pp. 83-107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10650-7_7
[10]V.V. Logvinov, S.M. Smolskiy, “Systems and networks of wireless communication,” In Radio Receivers for Systems of Fixed and Mobile Communications, pp. 51-119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76628-3_2
[11]H.M.A. Fahmy, “WSNs applications,” In Concepts, applications, experimentation and analysis of wireless sensor networks, pp. 67-242. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20709-9_3
[12]H.N. Vishwas, T.K. Ramesh, Recent Trends in Localization, Routing, and Security for Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE Access, 2025. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3555280
[13]Z. Chen, Z. Zhang, Z. Yang, “Big AI models for 6G wireless networks: Opportunities, challenges, and research directions,” IEEE Wireless Communications, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/MWC.015.2300404
[14]M. Banafaa, I. Shayea, J. Din, M.H. Azmi, A. Alashbi, Y.I. Daradkeh, A. Alhammadi, “6G mobile communication technology: Requirements, targets, applications, challenges, advantages, and opportunities,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 64, pp. 245-274, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.08.017
[15]G. Arya, A. Bagwari, D.S. Chauhan, “Performance analysis of deep learning-based routing protocol for an efficient data transmission in 5G WSN communication,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 9340-9356, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3142082
[16]M.S. Alzaidi, P.K. Shukla, V. Sangeetha, K.N. Pandagre, V.K. Minchula, S. Sharma, V. Prashanth, “Applying machine learning enabled myriad fragment empirical modes in 5G communications to detect profile injection attacks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 5533-5546, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03301-z
[17]M.K. Roberts, P. Ramasamy, “An improved high performance clustering based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks in IoT,” Telecommunication Systems, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 45-59, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-022-00968-1
[18]U. Panahi, C. Bayılmış, “Enabling secure data transmission for wireless sensor networks based IoT applications,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 101866, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101866
[19]A.U. Rehman, I. Mahmood, M. Kamran, M. Sanaullah, A. Ijaz, J. Ali, M. Ali, “Enhancement in Quality-of-Services using 5G cellular network using resource reservation protocol,” Physical Communication, vol. 55, pp. 101907, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2022.101907
[20]T. Kavitha, N. Pandeeswari, R. Shobana, V.R. Vinothini, K. Sakthisudhan, A. Jeyam, A.J.G. Malar, “Data congestion control framework in Wireless Sensor Network in IoT enabled intelligent transportation system,” Measurement: Sensors, vol. 24, pp. 100563, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100563
[21]J.M. Jorquera Valero, P.M. Sánchez Sánchez, A. Lekidis, J. Fernandez Hidalgo, M. Gil Pérez, M.S. Siddiqui, G. Martínez Pérez, “Design of a security and trust framework for 5G multi-domain scenarios,” Journal of Network and Systems Management, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 7, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-021-09623-7
[22]F. Salahdine, Q. Liu, T. Han, “Towards secure and intelligent network slicing for 5g networks,” IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, vol. 3, pp. 23-38, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/OJCS.2022.3161933
[23]I. Zografopoulos, N.D. Hatziargyriou, C. Konstantinou, “Distributed energy resources cybersecurity outlook: Vulnerabilities, attacks, impacts, and mitigations,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 6695-6709, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2023.3305757
[24]P.K. Roy, A. Bhattacharya, “SDIWSN: A software-defined networking-based authentication protocol for real-time data transfer in industrial wireless sensor networks,” IEEE transactions on network and service management, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 3465-3477, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TNSM.2022.3173975
[25]A. Irshad, M. Alreshoodi, “SEMS-5G: a secure and efficient multi-server authentication scheme for 5g networks,” IEEE Access, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3381616
[26]H.L. Gururaj, R. Natarajan, N.A. Almujally, F. Flammini, S Krishna, S.K. Gupta, “Collaborative energy-efficient routing protocol for sustainable communication in 5G/6G wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 4, pp. 2050-2061, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2023.3312155
[27]A.Wakili, S. Bakkali, A.E.H. Alaoui, “Machine learning for QoS and security enhancement of RPL in IoT-Enabled wireless sensors,” Sensors International, vol. 5, pp. 100289, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100289
[28]M. Shanmathi, A. Sonker, Z. Hussain, M. Ashraf, M. Singh, M. Syamala, “Enhancing wireless sensor network security and efficiency with CNN-FL and NGO optimization,” Measurement: Sensors, vol. 32, pp. 101057, 2024.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2024.101057
[29]C. Li, J. Wu, Z. Zhang, A. Lv, “Energy-harvesting Q-learning secure routing algorithm with authenticated-encryption for WSN,” ICT Express, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1077-1084, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2023.05.006
[30]S.K. Sharma, M. Chawla, “PRESEP: Cluster based metaheuristic algorithm for energy-efficient wireless sensor network application in internet of things,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 1243-1263, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10814-5
[31]U. Srilakshmi, S.A. Alghamdi, V.A. Vuyyuru, N. Veeraiah, Y. Alotaibi, “A secure optimization routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 14260-14269, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3144679
[32]U. Majeed, A.N. Malik, N. Abbas, W. Abbass, “An energy-efficient distributed congestion control protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 3265, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203265