ISSN: 2076-1449 (Print)
ISSN: 2076-9539 (Online)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijwmt
Website: https://www.mecs-press.org/ijwmt
Published By: MECS Press
Frequency: 6 issues per year
Number(s) Available: 82
IJWMT is committed to bridge the theory and practice of wireless and microwave technologies. From innovative ideas to specific algorithms and full system implementations, IJWMT publishes original, peer-reviewed, and high quality articles in the areas of wireless and microwave technologies. IJWMT is a well-indexed scholarly journal and is indispensable reading and references for people working at the cutting edge of wireless and microwave technology applications.
IJWMT has been abstracted or indexed by several world class databases: Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, Baidu Wenku, Open Access Articles, CNKI, GetInfo, WorldCat, OneSearch, ZB MED, CrossRef, JournalTOCs, etc..
IJWMT Vol. 15, No. 5, Oct. 2025
REGULAR PAPERS
One of the key aspects of 5G networks is the implementation of massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology combined with adaptive beamforming. This study explores the use of a linear array antenna to manage and reduce unwanted signals such as jamming, interference, and noise, while also boosting the signal strength towards the intended user or device. The main challenge lay in optimizing the weights of the antenna elements, which was tackled by employing adaptive algorithms like LCMV (Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance) and RLS (Recursive Least Squares). To simplify the optimization process, two soft computing techniques—Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)—were utilized. The performance of the beamforming weights and radiation patterns was assessed in terms of minimizing unwanted signals and maximizing the desired signal. To check how well the proposed methods work, some commonly used algorithms like MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response) and LCMV are also applied. The outcomes were compared to those from other algorithms. A Differential Beamforming method is applied to examine how effectively the system can focus the signal in the target direction while minimizing unwanted interference from other directions. Additionally, the fminsearch algorithm, which is a basic local search method, is used to compare how well it can adjust the beamforming weights compared to the more advanced global optimization techniques. The results indicate that PSO and GA produce highly similar performance levels.
[...] Read more.The new and emerging challenges posed by the convergence of cyber threats and socio-political tensions have risen as one of the core formidable threats to the present global security landscape. This paper proposes a hybrid predictive model intended to act against these real-world multidimensional attack vectors. The model integrates cyber threat hunting techniques with socio-political risk assessment methodologies to comprehensively forecast consequent cybersecurity threats to social unrest scenarios. Cyber threat data is collected from sources such as the Offensive Defensive-Intrusion Detection System (OD-IDS2022) and the Aegean Wi-Fi Intrusion Dataset (AWID3), and social terror attack information is gathered from the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDLET) Project and Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED) to comprise the bidirectional dataset for the model that contains views from both cyber and socio-political risk landscapes. The model adopts a holistic, robust predictive capability through k-fold cross-validation and feature importance evaluation implementation techniques. This multidisciplinary approach offers a synoptic understanding of emerging and future security threats and enables the execution of proactive measures to secure national and transnational borders.
[...] Read more.This research aims to evaluate the security risks associated with open wireless networks, especially Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks that exploit the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Domain Name System (DNS). The penetration testing process was conducted by creating a secure and controlled laboratory and using a set of tools available in Kali Linux to demonstrate how attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to victims' devices, steal their sensitive data, and control their devices remotely The research focused on analyzing the effectiveness of social engineering (phishing) attacks under MITM attacks, where a fake web page was created to trick victims into entering their personal data and another web page was created to try to trick victims into downloading malware consisting of an attack payload that aims to create a Reverse Transmission-Control-Protocol (TCP) shell that enables the hacker to explore the target device and execute code using the Metasploit framework. The research results showed the effectiveness of combining ARP and DNS spoofing with phishing attacks and malware injection attacks. The results also showed that open wireless networks are highly vulnerable to attacks and that end users are the weakest link in the security chain. The research also emphasizes the need to develop more effective security solutions to protect core protocols such as ARP and DNS.
[...] Read more.The aim of this research is to comparatively evaluate and optimize the performance of active and passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) in Terahertz (THz) Ultra Massive MIMO(UM-MIMO) systems for 6G Wireless Communication. The Primary objective is to analyze the impact of beamforming and adaptive modulation schemes on system capacity, computational complexity and power consumption. The study employs MATLAB based simulations under realistic wireless channel models including Rician fading channel and free space path loss to model the propagation behavior at THz Frequencies. Both active and passive RIS configuration are assessed using hybrid beamforming and multi antenna transmission techniques. Simulation results demonstrate that active RIS improves system capacity compared to passive RIS. Particularly at higher SNR level, while incurring more power consumption. Conversely, passive RIS offers better energy efficiency and lower complexity, making it suitable for low-power scenarios. These findings highlight critical design trade-offs and support the development of hybrid RIS assisted UM-MIMO architectures for efficient and scalable 6G THz communication systems.
[...] Read more.The growing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has amplified the need for robust security mechanisms, particularly against Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. This paper proposes a deep learning-based detection system using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Gated Recurrent Unit (CNN-GRU) model to effectively capture both spatial and temporal patterns of malicious activity. The CICDDoS2019 dataset is employed for training and evaluation, with preprocessing steps including Boruta-based feature selection and data rebalancing using SMOTE. A user-friendly GUI developed in Python (Tkinter) facilitates real-time input and prediction. The proposed model, Cyber Guard, demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency, offering a practical solution for IoT attack detection and future deployment.
[...] Read more.In today’s world, security becomes a very important issue. We are always concerned about the security of our valuables. In this paper, we propose an IOT based intelligent smart locker with OTP and face detection approach, which provides security, authenticity and user-friendly mechanism. This smart locker will be organized at banks, offices, homes and other places to ensure security. In order to use this locker firstly the user have to login. User has to send an unlock request code (OTP) and after getting a feedback Email with OTP, he/she will be able to unlock the locker to access his/her valuables. We also introduce face detection approach to our proposed smart locker to ensure security and authenticity.
[...] Read more.In this fast-paced technological world, individuals want to access all their electronic equipment remotely, which requires devices to connect over a network via the Internet. However, it raises quite a lot of critical security concerns. This paper presented a home automation security system that employs the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote access to one's home through an Android application, as well as Artificial Intelligence (AI) to ensure the home's security. Face recognition is utilized to control door entry in a highly efficient security system. In the event of a technical failure, an additional security PIN is set up that is only accessible by the owner. Although a home automation system may be used for various tasks, the cost is prohibitive for many customers. Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide a budget and user-friendly system, ensuring access to the application and home attributes by using multi-modal security. Using Haar Cascade and LBPH the system achieved 92.86% accuracy while recognizing face.
[...] Read more.The design of suitable compact antenna for 5G applications with superior return loss and bandwidth is still a fascinating task to the researchers. In this paper, the authors have designed a dual band microstrip patch antenna for 5G communications at 28 GHz and 46 GHz using CST studio. Rectangular patch antenna with double slots is considered to serve the purpose. The performance of the proposed patch antenna is very satisfactory in terms of return loss, VSWR, bandwidth and directivity. The values of S11 are well below -39dB and values of VSWR are very close to 1 for both resonance frequencies. The bandwidths for both cases are greater than 1.8 GHz which is an essential characteristic of 5G patch antennas for high speed connectivity and efficiency. Directivities are above 6 dB which are very suitable for the present problem. The simulation results are also compared with existing dual band 5G patch antennas and it has been observed that proposed antenna has outperformed the existing patch antennas that worked in 28GHz and 46GHz frequency range. The main advantage of this patch antenna is that it’s simple structure and good return loss, bandwidth and gain.
[...] Read more.Cryptography is a requirement for confidentiality and authentic communication, and it is an indispensable technology used to protect data security. Quantum computing is a hypothetical model, still in tentative analysis but is rapidly gaining traction among scientific communities. Quantum computers have the potential to become a pre-eminent threat to all secure communication because their performance exceeds that of conventional computers. Consequently, quantum computers are capable of iterating through a large number of keys to search for secret keys or quickly calculate cryptographic keys, thereby endangering cloud security measures. This paper’s main target is to summarize the vulnerability of current cryptographic measures in front of a quantum computer. The paper also aims to cover the fundamental concept of potential quantum-resilient cryptographic techniques and explain how they can be a solution to complete secure key distribution in a post-quantum future.
[...] Read more.As a result of the emergence of new business paradigms and the development of the digital economy, the interaction between operations, services, things, and software through numerous fields and communities may now be processed through value chains networks. Despite the integration of all data networks, computing models, and distributed software that offers a broader cloud computing, the security solution is have a serious important impact and missing or weak, and more work is needed to strengthen security requirements such as mutual entity trustworthiness, Access controls and identity management, as well as data protection, are all aspects of detecting and preventing attacks or threats. Various international organizations, academic universities and institutions, and organizations have been working diligently to establish cybersecurity frameworks (CSF) in order to combat cybersecurity threats by (CSFs). This paper describes CSFs from the perspectives of standard organizations such as ISO CSF and NIST CSF, as well as several proposed frameworks from researchers, and discusses briefly their characteristics and features. The common ideas described in this study could be helpful for creating a CSF model in general.
[...] Read more.The advancement of wireless communication technology is growing very fast. For next-generation communication systems (like 5G mobile services), wider bandwidth, high gain, and small-size antennas are very much needed. Moreover, it is expected that the next-generation mobile system will also support satellite technology. Therefore, this paper proposes a slotted star-shaped dual-band patch antenna that can be used for the integrated services of satellite communication and 5G mobile services whose overall dimension is 15×14×1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna operates from 18.764 GHz to 19.775 GHz for K-band satellite communication and 27.122 GHz to 29.283 GHz for 5G (mmWave) mobile services. The resonance frequencies of the proposed antenna are 19.28 GHz and 28.07 GHz having bandwidths of 1.011 GHz and 2.161 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the proposed dual-band patch antenna has a maximum radiation efficiency of 76.178% and a maximum gain of 7.596 dB.
[...] Read more.This paper introduces a novel 9-shaped multiband frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna for wireless applications, using 1.6 mm thicker FR4 substrate and a truncated metallic ground surface. The designed antenna performs in single and dual frequency modes depending on switching states. The antenna works in a single band (WiMAX at 3.5 GHz) when the switch is in the OFF state. The dual band frequency mode (Wi-Fi at 2.45 GHz and WLAN at 5.2 GHz) is obtained when the switch is turned ON. The directivities are: 2.13 dBi, 2.77 dBi and 3.99 dBi and efficiencies: 86%, 93.5% and 84.4% are attained at frequencies 2.45 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna has VSWR< 1.5 for all the three frequencies. The scattering and far-field parameters of the designed antenna are analyzed using computer simulation technology CST 2014. The performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed on the basis of VSWR, efficiency, gain, radiation pattern and return loss.
[...] Read more.International security evaluation metrics are too general and not focused on evaluating security models implemented using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This study was conducted to develop the metric for evaluating security models based on implementation of PKI by using insights from literature. Literature review was done based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The developed metric was tested using ranking attributes and ranking scales. The results reveal that the developed metric is applicable for evaluating security models based on implementation of PKI. This is verified by the tabular results indicating evaluation of selected security models based on implementation of PKI by using ranking attributes and ranking scales. This study contributes to the body of knowledge a metric for evaluating security models based on implementation of PKI.
[...] Read more.The ever-increasing demands of Internet services like video on demand, big data applications, IoE and multi-tenant data centers have compelled the network industry to change its conventional non-evolving network architecture. Software Defined Network (SDN) has emerged as a promising network architecture which provides necessary abstractions and novel APIs to facilitate network innovations and simplifies network resource management by breaking the conventional network into multiple planes. All these SDN planes interact through open interfaces or APIs which are commonly categorized into southbound, northbound and west/eastbound interfaces. In this manuscript, we have identified and emphasized various communication protocols used at south and northbound interfaces. We have provided a taxonomy of south and northbound communication protocols based on their dependence, capabilities and properties. The pros and cons associated with each communication mechanism are highlighted and the numerous research challenges and open issues involved at these two interfaces are elucidated. In addition to it, we have proposed the necessary abstractions and extensions required in communication protocols at these two interfaces to simplify real-time monitoring and virtualization in next generation networks.
[...] Read more.With the advancement in digital forensics, digital forensics has been evolved in Cloud computing. A common process of digital forensics mainly includes five steps: defining problem scenario, collection of the related data, investigation of the crime scenes, analysis of evidences and case documentation. The conduction of digital forensics in cloud results in several challenges, security, and privacy issues. In this paper, several digital forensics approaches in the context of IoT and cloud have been presented. The review focused on zone-based approach for IoT digital forensics where the forensics process is divided into three zones. Digital forensics in cloud provides the facilities of large data storage, computational capabilities and identification of criminal activities required for investigating forensics. We have presented a brief study on several issues and challenges raised in each phase of Cloud forensics process. The solution approaches as well as advancement prospects of cloud forensics have been described in the light of Blockchain technology. These studies will broaden the way to new researchers for better understanding and devising new ideas for combating the challenges.
[...] Read more.In today’s world, security becomes a very important issue. We are always concerned about the security of our valuables. In this paper, we propose an IOT based intelligent smart locker with OTP and face detection approach, which provides security, authenticity and user-friendly mechanism. This smart locker will be organized at banks, offices, homes and other places to ensure security. In order to use this locker firstly the user have to login. User has to send an unlock request code (OTP) and after getting a feedback Email with OTP, he/she will be able to unlock the locker to access his/her valuables. We also introduce face detection approach to our proposed smart locker to ensure security and authenticity.
[...] Read more.The design of suitable compact antenna for 5G applications with superior return loss and bandwidth is still a fascinating task to the researchers. In this paper, the authors have designed a dual band microstrip patch antenna for 5G communications at 28 GHz and 46 GHz using CST studio. Rectangular patch antenna with double slots is considered to serve the purpose. The performance of the proposed patch antenna is very satisfactory in terms of return loss, VSWR, bandwidth and directivity. The values of S11 are well below -39dB and values of VSWR are very close to 1 for both resonance frequencies. The bandwidths for both cases are greater than 1.8 GHz which is an essential characteristic of 5G patch antennas for high speed connectivity and efficiency. Directivities are above 6 dB which are very suitable for the present problem. The simulation results are also compared with existing dual band 5G patch antennas and it has been observed that proposed antenna has outperformed the existing patch antennas that worked in 28GHz and 46GHz frequency range. The main advantage of this patch antenna is that it’s simple structure and good return loss, bandwidth and gain.
[...] Read more.Cryptography is a requirement for confidentiality and authentic communication, and it is an indispensable technology used to protect data security. Quantum computing is a hypothetical model, still in tentative analysis but is rapidly gaining traction among scientific communities. Quantum computers have the potential to become a pre-eminent threat to all secure communication because their performance exceeds that of conventional computers. Consequently, quantum computers are capable of iterating through a large number of keys to search for secret keys or quickly calculate cryptographic keys, thereby endangering cloud security measures. This paper’s main target is to summarize the vulnerability of current cryptographic measures in front of a quantum computer. The paper also aims to cover the fundamental concept of potential quantum-resilient cryptographic techniques and explain how they can be a solution to complete secure key distribution in a post-quantum future.
[...] Read more.As a result of the emergence of new business paradigms and the development of the digital economy, the interaction between operations, services, things, and software through numerous fields and communities may now be processed through value chains networks. Despite the integration of all data networks, computing models, and distributed software that offers a broader cloud computing, the security solution is have a serious important impact and missing or weak, and more work is needed to strengthen security requirements such as mutual entity trustworthiness, Access controls and identity management, as well as data protection, are all aspects of detecting and preventing attacks or threats. Various international organizations, academic universities and institutions, and organizations have been working diligently to establish cybersecurity frameworks (CSF) in order to combat cybersecurity threats by (CSFs). This paper describes CSFs from the perspectives of standard organizations such as ISO CSF and NIST CSF, as well as several proposed frameworks from researchers, and discusses briefly their characteristics and features. The common ideas described in this study could be helpful for creating a CSF model in general.
[...] Read more.Throughout the years there has been a crisis for low gain and efficiency in Microstrip patch antennas. Therefore, the microstrip patch antenna was designed for better gain, directivity and efficiency using array configuration of microstrip patch antenna with low dielectric constant at 10.3GHZ resonant frequency. The proposed design is of a triangular shaped patch array and a substrate RT duroid-5880 of dielectric constant 2.2. The results after simulation shows a good return loss, bandwidth around 950Mhz-1Ghz, directivity of 11.4db in a particular direction, gain of 11.4 dB with 99% radiation effect. The design proposed is helpful for applications like military defence and communication purposes.
[...] Read more.This paper encompasses the numerical analysis involved with the Electromagnetic (EM) full-wave simulation tool Advanced Design System (ADS) which uses the Method of Moment (MOM) and Finite Element Method (FEM). MOM is utilized to solve Maxwell’s equations which are transformed into integral equations before discretization and boundary conditions are applied while FEM computes the electrical behavior of the high frequency EM wave distribution, and then analyze the antenna parameters. The main objective is to investigate the effect of reactive loading on the microstrip patch surface which is used to control the behavior of the impedance bandwidth and obtain dual-band frequency operation. The study further examines how the perturbed patch antenna design targets the operating frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz for possible range and speed. The proposed method provides insight into the analysis of the mathematical model employed in attaining the Driving Point Impedance Function (DPF) of the E-patch microstrip patch antenna. This approach was done to quantify the reduction in reflections for improved Radio Frequency (RF) network output.
[...] Read more.Antennas are either massive or miniaturized structures useful for the transmission and reception of signals associated with Electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Although Microstrip Patch Antennas (MSA) are advantageous they exhibit several drawbacks which may impair a faster communication throughput. They mostly display narrow impedance bandwidth amidst other grave issues. This study presents some approaches such as transmission line analysis and modeling for investigating the complexities associated with the MSA configurations given the shortcomings of narrow impedance bandwidth. in other to achieve the associated input impedance for the dual-band E-patch microstrip antenna. It also investigated the fabrication of the E-patch MSA which targeted the operating frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz for possible range and speed. The fabricated prototype was tested using a high-frequency communication instrument known as the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) to obtain the return loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). This method was done to quantify the reduction of reflections for enhanced Radio Frequency (RF) network output. This work helps to mitigate the challenges encountered when designing and developing microstrip patch antennas having a relatively small size in different configurations.
[...] Read more.Privacy preservation in wireless networks is a multidomain task, including encryption, hashing, secure routing, obfuscation, and third-party data sharing. To design a privacy preservation model for wireless networks, it is recommended that data privacy, location privacy, temporal privacy, node privacy, and route privacy be incorporated. However, incorporating these models into any wireless network is computationally complex. Moreover, it affects the quality of services (QoS) parameters like end-to-end delay, throughput, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio. Therefore, network designers are expected to use the most optimum privacy models that should minimally affect these QoS metrics. To do this, designers opt for standard privacy models for securing wireless networks without considering their interconnectivity and interface-ability constraints. Due to this, network security increases, but overall, network QoS is reduced. To reduce the probability of such scenarios, this text analyses and reviews various state-of-the-art models for incorporating privacy preservation in wireless networks without compromising their QoS performance. These models are compared on privacy strength, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and network throughput. The comparison will assist network designers and researchers to select the best models for their given deployments, thereby assisting in privacy improvement while maintaining high QoS performance.Moreover, this text also recommends various methods to work together to improve their performance. This text also recommends various proven machine learning architectures that can be contemplated & explored by networks to enhance their privacy performance. The paper intends to provide a brief survey of different types of Privacy models and their comparison, which can benefit the readers in choosing a privacy model for their use.
[...] Read more.The advancement of wireless communication technology is growing very fast. For next-generation communication systems (like 5G mobile services), wider bandwidth, high gain, and small-size antennas are very much needed. Moreover, it is expected that the next-generation mobile system will also support satellite technology. Therefore, this paper proposes a slotted star-shaped dual-band patch antenna that can be used for the integrated services of satellite communication and 5G mobile services whose overall dimension is 15×14×1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna operates from 18.764 GHz to 19.775 GHz for K-band satellite communication and 27.122 GHz to 29.283 GHz for 5G (mmWave) mobile services. The resonance frequencies of the proposed antenna are 19.28 GHz and 28.07 GHz having bandwidths of 1.011 GHz and 2.161 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the proposed dual-band patch antenna has a maximum radiation efficiency of 76.178% and a maximum gain of 7.596 dB.
[...] Read more.SQL injection attack is a major threat to web application security. It has been rated as one of the most dangerous vulnerabilities for a web-based application. Based on the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), it is measured as one of the top ten. Many types of research have been made to face this attack either by preventing the threat or at least detecting it. We aim in this paper to give an overview of the SQL injection (SQLI) attack and classify these attacks and prevention and detection tools. We introduce the most current techniques and tools that are used to prevent and detect SQLI and highlight their strengths and weaknesses.
[...] Read more.