International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science (IJMECS)
IJMECS Vol. 18, No. 5, 8 Oct. 2026
Cover page and Table of Contents: PDF (size: 794KB)
Examining Artificial Intelligence Literacy among Music Students in Higher Education: A Causal-Comparative Approach
PDF (794KB), PP.1-14
Views: 0 Downloads: 0
Author(s)
Huseyin Yilmaz
1
Yakup Acar
1
Omer Ucer
1,*
Index Terms
Artificial Intelligence, Higher Education, Music, Music Education, Literacy.
Abstract
This study analyzes the artificial intelligence (AI) literacy levels of music education students and explores how future music educators perceive and integrate AI tools within creative and instructional contexts. The research group consisted of 143 students enrolled in music education programs from different faculties, such as Education, Fine Arts, and Conservatory. Participants were selected through a purposeful sampling technique, ensuring inclusion of individuals likely to encounter AI in educational and performance settings. The study employed a causal-comparative (ex post facto) design, which enables examination of naturally existing groups differing in characteristics such as prior exposure to or familiarity with AI technologies. Quantitative data were analyzed to compare students’ AI literacy levels across demographic variables, including gender, type of high school graduated from, academic achievement level, and prior knowledge of AI. However, it was determined that the artificial intelligence literacy level of music teacher candidates who have knowledge about artificial intelligence programmes and use artificial intelligence programmes in music education is significant. Results indicated that students’ AI literacy levels were at a medium level. No significant differences were found in AI literacy by gender, type of high school graduated from, academic achievement, or frequency of internet use. However, significant differences were observed among students from different faculties, as well as among those who had prior knowledge of AI programs, used AI applications in music and music education, and used them more frequently. These findings suggest that direct engagement with AI tools contributes to higher literacy levels.
Cite This Paper
Hüseyin Yılmaz, Yakup Açar, Ömer Üçer, "Examining Artificial Intelligence Literacy among Music Students in Higher Education: A Causal-Comparative Approach", International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science(IJMECS), Vol.18, No.5, pp. 1-14, 2026. DOI:10.5815/ijmecs.2026.05.01
Reference
[1]S. Russell, and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010.
[2]P.K. Fatima-Anjila, Artificial intelligence. Karthikeyan, J., Ting, S.-H., & Ng, Y. J. (Ed.), Learning outcomes of classroom research (pp. 65-73). L Ordine Nuovo Publication, 2021. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/523285678.pdf#page=76
[3]J. Moor, The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years. AI Mag, 2006, 27(4), 87–91.
[4]J. P. Haton, & M. C. Haton, L’intelligence artificielle (3rd Ed.). Presses Universitaires de France, 1993.
[5]D. Li, and Y. Du, Artificial Intelligence with Uncertainty (2nd ed.). CRC Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315366951
[6]I.E. Suleimenov, Y.S. Vitulyova, A.S. Bakirov, O.A. Gabrielyan, Artificial Intelligence: What Is It? Proceedings of the 2020 6th international conference on computer and technology applications (ICCTA ‘20). New York: Association for Computing Machinery; 2020. pp. 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397125.3397141
[7]J. McCarthy, What is artificial intelligence, 2004. https://cse.unl.edu/~choueiry/S09-476-876/Documents/whatisai.pdf/sites
[8]S.C. Shapiro, Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence (2nd Ed.). A Wiley Interscience Publication, 1992.
[9]B.M. Gordon, Artificial intelligence: approaches, tools and applications. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2011.
[10]M. Obschonka, and D.B. Audretsch, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Entrepreneurship: A New Era Has Begun. Small Bus Econ, 2020, (55), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00202-4
[11]C. Çelebi, F. Yılmaz, U. Demir, and F. Karakuş, Artificial Intelligence Literacy: An Adaptation Study. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 2023, 4(2), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.1401740
[12]A. Bozkut, A. Karadeniz, D. Baneres, A. E. Guerrero-Roldán, and M. E. Rodríguez, Artificial Intelligence and Reflections from Educational Landscape: A Review of AI Studies in Half a Century. Sustainability, 2021, 13, 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020800
[13]A.S. Ahuja, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine on the Future Role of the Physician. PeerJ, 2019, 7, e7702. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7702
[14]F. Kamalov, D.S. Calonge, and I. Gurrib, New Era of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Towards a Sustainable Multifaceted Revolution. Sustainability, 2023, (15), 12451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612451
[15]H. Luan, P. Geczy, H. Lai, J. Gobert, S.J.H. Yang, H. Ogata, J. Baltes, R Guerra, P. Li, and C-C. Tsai, Challenges and Future Directions of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Front. Psychol, 2020, 11:580820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580820
[16]T.K.F. Chiu, Q. Xia, Z. Zhou, C.S. Chai, and M. Cheng, Systematic Literature Review on Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Research Recommendations of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2023, (4), 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
[17]L.K. Nhan, The Role of AI in Enhancing Personalised Learning, Automated Assessment, Intelligent Tutoring, And Student Engagement. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 2025, 26(4), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1612295
[18]G. J. Hwang, H. Xie, B.W. Wah, and D. Gašević, Vision, Challenges, Roles and Research Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2020, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001
[19]W. Shin, and M. Kim, Music Artificial Intelligence: A Case of Google Magenta. Journal of Tourism & Industry Research, 2020, 40(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.24907/jtir.2020.2.40.1.21
[20]İ. Arıcı, Artificial intelligence and music education. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 2023, 13(3), 579-584.
[21]B. Ceviz, Artificial Intelligence and Music Education, Sürmeli, K. (Ed.) Developments in Fine Arts (pp. 410-420). Platanus Publishing, 2023.
[22]F. Yang, Artificial Intelligence in Music Education, 2020 International Conference on Robots & Intelligent System (ICRIS), https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIS52159.2020.00124
[23]X. Yu, N. Ma, L. Zheng, L. Wang, and K. Wang, Developments and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Music Education. Technologies, 2023, 11(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020042
[24]Q. Jiang, Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Music Education Supported by Wireless Network. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022, 2138059. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2138059
[25]J.R. Fraenkel, N.E. Wallen, and H.H. Hyun, How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, (8th ed.), 2012.
[26]L. Cohen, L. Mannion, and K. Morrison, Research Methods in Education (6th ed.), Routledge, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203029053
[27]J.W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th ed., Sage, 2014.
[28]D.R. Cooper, and P.S. Schindler, Business Research Methods. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, London, 2001.
[29]Ş. Büyüköztürk, Data analysis handbook. Pegem Academy Publications, 2012.
[30]B. Wang, P.L.P. Rau, and T. Yuan, Measuring User Competence in Using Artificial Intelligence: Validity and Reliability of Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022, 42(9), 1324–1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2072768
[31]E. Banaz, and S. Maden, Investigation of Artificial Intelligence Attitudes of Turkish Teacher Candidates in Terms of Different Variables. Trakya Journal of Education, 2024, 14(2), 1173-1180. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.1430419
[32]M. Yue, M.S-Y. Jong, and D. Ng, Understanding K–12 teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge readiness and attitudes toward artificial intelligence education. Education and Information Technologies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12621-2
[33]M. Mart, and G. Kaya, Investigating the Relationship Between Preschool Teacher Candidates’ Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence Literacy. Edutech Research, 2024, 2(1), 91-109.
[34]M. Elçiçek, A Review on Students’ Artificial Intelligence Literacy. Journal of Information and Communication Technologies, 2024, 6(1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.53694/bited.1460106
[35]S-W. Kim, and Y. Lee, The Artificial Intelligence Literacy Scale for Middle School Students. Journal of The Korea Society of Computer and Information, 2022, 27(3), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2022.27.03.225
[36]A. Uyar, Digital Literacy Levels of Vocational School Students. International Journal of Current Education Research, 2021, 7(1), 198-211.
[37]D.N. Bay, Digital Literacy Levels of Preschool Teacher Candidates. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 2021, 5(7), 172-187.
[38]S. Altıntaş, and A.T. Dinçer, Determination of Digital Literacy Levels of Vocational School Students: The Case of Lüleburgaz Vocational School. Trakya Journal of Education, 2024, 14(2), 880-895. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.1398589
[39]E. Banaz, and O. Demirel, Investigation of Artificial Intelligence Literacies of Prospective Turkish Teachers According to Different Variables. Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty Journal, 2024, (60), 1516-1529. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1461048
[40]A. Yontar, Digital Literacy Levels of Prospective Teachers. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 2019, 7(4), 815-824. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.593579
[41]G. Yılmaz, and E. Temiz, The Place and Importance of Digital Literacy in Music Education. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 2023, 18(3), 1123-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.65770
[42]W. Ho, Use of Information Technology and Music Learning in the Search for Quality Education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 2004, 35(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2004.00368.x
[43]S. Román-García, and R. Chao-Fernandez, ICT in the Music Classroom. Achieving Musical Literacy in the 21st Century, 9th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.2407
[44]N.C. Aksoy, E. Karabay, and E. Aksoy, Investigation of Digital Literacy Levels of Classroom Teachers. Selcuk Communication, 2021, 14(2), 859-894. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.871290
[45]B. Göldağ, Investigation of the Relationship Between University Students’ Digital Literacy Levels and Digital Data Security Awareness Levels. e-International Journal of Educational Research, 2021, 12(3), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.950635
[46]P-P. Li, and B. Wang, Artificial Intelligence in Music Education. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2024, 40(16), 4183-4192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2209984
[47]N. Huang, and X. Ding, Piano Music Teaching Under the Background of Artificial Intelligence. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 5816453. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5816453
[48]X. Zhang, and D. Yang, Research on Music Assisted Teaching System Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1852 022032. https://doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1852/2/022032
[49]H. Yan, Design of Online Music Education System Based on Artificial Intelligence and Multiuser Detection Algorithm. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, 9083436. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9083436